For most people, a home is more than a building: it is a state of mind, an
expression of personality, the one place where it is possible simply to be. The types of
homes in which people live reflect their tastes and priorities. Deciding to change that
home, whether through remodelling or relocation, is a major decision. Finding the right
house or apartment requires attention to a myriad of details: price range, location,
aesthetics, overall floor space, the number of bedrooms, and more. People with
disabilities face the same considerations, but as important as they are, they are
overshadowed by the need for housing to be accessible: housing that enables people with
disabilities to live their lives as independently as possible.
If a house is inadequate for the needs of the people living in it, it never quite becomes
a home. For people with disabilities, a dwelling must be fully accessible to become a
home. The purpose of the Informed Consumer Guide to Accessible Housing is to examine what
accessible housing is, to discuss the types of products available to achieve
accessibility, and to offer resources
to assist in this endeavor.
WHAT IS ACCESSIBLE HOUSING?
Whether or not a home is accessible depends upon the nature and extent of one's
disability. As a practical matter, an accessible home is one which enables an individual
to do what he or she needs and desires to do as independently as possible. For some,
access may be as simple as adding grab bars and a tub seat in the bathroom. For wheelchair
users, access may require ramping entrances, widening doorways, lowering counters, adding
lever or loop-style hardware to doors and drawers, and modifying storage areas.
Individuals with sensory disabilities also require accessible housing, although their
needs are different from those of people with mobility disabilities. Individuals with
hearing disabilities require visual adaptations for such items as the telephone ringer,
the doorbell, and smoke alarms. People who are blind may require tactile marking of
changes in floor level and stair edges and braille markings on appliances and controls.
People with low vision may be accommodated with large print markings and displays,
contrasting colors to distinguish changes in level or transition from one area to another,
proper lighting, and reduced glare from lighting and windows.
Because the requirements of accessibility vary so widely, several terms have become widely
used. Accessible design generally refers to houses or other dwellings that meet specific
requirements for accessibility. These requirements are found in state, local and model
building codes, and regulations such as the Fair Housing Amendments of 1988, the American
National Standards Institute
(ANSI) Standards A117.1-1986, and the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
(UFAS). These laws dictate standards dimensions and characteristics for such features as
door widths, clear space for wheelchair mobility, audible and visual signals, grab bars,
switch and outlet height, and more. The accessibility standards of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) regulate the accessibility of public buildings and facilities.
Adaptable design allows some features of a dwelling to be changed to meet the needs of a
person with a disability. Essential design elements such as wider doorways and halls and
barrier-free entrances are included as integral features, while provisions are made to
allow other features to be added as needed. To qualify as "adaptable," it must
be possible for changes to be
made quickly without the use of skilled labor and without changing the inherent structure
or materials. Adaptable design allows the house or apartment to meet the specific needs of
the user, while maintaining the appearance of the dwelling until more obvious
accessibility features are needed. For instance, bathroom walls may be designed with
additional supports to allow for the installation of grab bars in the future. Cabinets
under sinks can be designed to be removable, allowing the storage space to be provided
until such time as the knee space is required by someone using a wheelchair. Similarly,
closet rods and counter tops can be installed on adjustable glides, allowing them to be
positioned for the needs of the user. Criteria for adaptable housing are included in the
ANSI standards and UFAS.
Universal design addresses the need for access by creating designs usable by all people,
whether or not they are disabled. This is accomplished by designing wider halls and doors,
barrier-free entrances, elevated electrical outlets, lowered switches, adjustable closet
rods and shelves, adjustable counters, touch switches, and other features as inherent
elements in the
building. This type of design makes the home usable by all family members, and recognizes
that human abilities change over the life span.
ACCESS AND RENTAL: THE FAIR HOUSING ACT AMENDMENTS
It is not necessary to own a house in order to obtain accessible housing.
The Fair Housing Amendments Act (FHAA), which became effective on March 12, 1989, extended
the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 to cover housing for people with
disabilities. Under the FHAA, it is illegal to refuse to negotiate for the sale or rental
of a dwelling, to refuse to process an offer, or to refuse a legitimate offer on the basis
of an applicant's disability.
It is also illegal to use differing applications or criteria for persons with and without
disabilities or to segregate persons with disabilities to specific units or areas.
Further, the Amendments render it unlawful to inquire as to whether the buyer or renter
has a disability and as to the severity of the disability. These prohibitions apply to
most housing options, including multi-family buildings, condominiums, cooperatives, and
mobile homes. However, the FHAA does not apply to the sale or rental of single-family
homes unless the owner owns more than three such homes at the same time and the sale or
rental is conducted without the use of a real estate broker, agent, or salesperson. The
Amendments also do not apply to multi-family dwellings of
four or fewer units if the owner occupies one of those units as his or her place of
residence.
Further, the Fair Housing Amendments set out design and construction guidelines for
multi-family residences begun or occupied for the first time after March 13, 1991. All
units in a multi-family building of four or more units equipped with at least one elevator
and ground-floor units in buildings of four or more units without elevators are required
to be accessible. All such buildings must have at least one entrance on an accessible
route (unless prohibited by terrain), have doors into and within all units wide
enough to accommodate wheelchairs, have an accessible route in and through all dwelling
units, have accessible switches and controls, provide reinforcement of bathroom walls for
installation of grab bars, and have all public and common areas accessible.
Within all housing units, the FHAA requires that the landlord or rental agent not refuse
to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, practices, and services required to
enable a tenant with a disability to occupy and use a housing unit. Further, the law
requires that the renter be allowed to make reasonable modifications to the dwelling at
his or her expense to accommodate a disability. The landlord has the right to require that
such modifications be accomplished in a professional manner, that the tenant acquire all
necessary permits, and that the interior premises be restored to their original state upon
termination of occupancy if such restoration can be readily accomplished and if the
accommodations may interfere with a future tenant's use or enjoyment of the unit.
For instance, the landlord may require that grab bars be removed and walls repaired, but
not that the supportive blocking behind the walls be removed. Similarly, it would be
considered unreasonable to constrain the tenant to restore doorways to their original
width once they had been widened to accommodate a wheelchair. It is also considered
unnecessary to restore exterior modifications because necessary modifications do not
restrict future tenants' use of the dwelling.
ACHIEVING ACCESSIBILITY
While achieving accessibility may mean finding a new apartment or designing and building a
single-family home to the specifications that meet the needs of a person with a specific
disability, it is often possible to adapt or modify current and existing housing using
various assistive technologies.
HEARING DISABILITIES
Although often overlooked as a population in need of housing adaptations,people who are
deaf or hard of hearing require modifications in areas where audible signals are utilized.
The most familiar adaptive device for people who are deaf are text telephones (also known
as TT, TTY, or TDD); these devices enable people who are deaf or have communication
disabilities to converse on the telephone using a keyboard and visual display. For those
with less severe hearing disabilities, amplified handsets may suffice. However, access is
also required for other systems in the home: Smoke alarms, security system
alarms, doorbells, telephone ringers, and even knocks on doors should be converted to
visual signals in order for people with hearing disabilities to fully and safely enjoy
their homes.
Some signal systems are multi-purpose units, using microphones and transmitters to cause
connected lights to flash or a bed or pillow vibrator to activate in response to doorbells
and chimes, telephone ringers, burglar alarms, and door knockers. Some units are also
designed to detect the sound of a crying baby. Most of these types of systems are equipped
with adjustable sensitivity levels in order for ordinary sound and activity to be screened
out. Still other systems are designed for specific purposes: interfaces connected to
standard burglar alarms can cause lights to flash, and smoke alarms may provide both
audible and visual warnings. Both permanent and portable systems are available.
VISUAL DISABILITIES
Accessible housing for people with visual disabilities may, in large measure, be achieved
with relatively minor modifications. For example, clear travel paths in hallways and
through rooms frequently can be achieved simply by rearranging furnishings. Furniture
placement may also be used to facilitate establishing a route of travel from one room to
another.
Safe travel from one room to another, or from one level to another, is
also facilitated by the use of tactile warnings. Tactile warning strips may be used to
mark abrupt changes in floor level, the edges of steps, and the transition from one area
to another. For those with low vision, similar results may be achieved using contrasting
colors or tape markers on surfaces to indicate changes. In addition, door thresholds
should be flush with the floor or fitted with small beveled ramps to eliminate tripping
hazards.
Lighting and environmental controls also play a large role in making a home accessible to
people with low vision. Lighting should be bright and at consistent levels throughout the
home, but care should be taken to eliminate as much glare and reflection as possible.
Lighting systems that sense people in a room, automatically turning lights on when someone
enters a room and turning
lights off when the room is unoccupied, are an option in lighting control. Computerized
environmental control systems are also available, allowing lights, televisions, stereos,
heating and cooling systems, security systems, etc.to be controlled from a computer
keyboard, remote control units, switches, or via voice command.
"Low tech" solutions to environmental access are offered as well. Light switches
can be marked using braille labeling tape or large print labels to indicate "on"
and "off" positions. Using switches with definite on and off positions rather
than rocker switches is also helpful. In addition, thermostats with tactile or large print
markings and braille and large print appliance control
overlays assist in making a home more accessible to those with visual disabilities.
PHYSICAL AND MOBILITY DISABILITIES
Adaptations such as the door sill ramps, environmental control units, and proper lighting
mentioned above are also beneficial to individuals with mobility and other physical
disabilities, but further accessibility measures are often required for walker and
wheelchair users, as well as those whose disabilities affect the use of their hands.
Doors and Entrances
For persons with mobility disabilities requiring the use of wheelchairs and/or walkers,
accessibility barriers frequently begin outside the home. The presence of even one or two
steps can make entry impossible. Depending upon the severity of the incline, several
options are available to overcome such barriers.
For curb-height obstacles and small steps, several manufacturers offer a
variety of wheelchair ramps, frequently made of aluminum or fiberglass, designed for
temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent applications. For longer, steeper inclines, it
may be necessary to construct a wooden or concrete ramp. Ramps should be at least 36
inches wide and have a maximum incline of 1:12 (12 inches of length for every 1 inch in
rise). Exterior ramps in climates where ice and snow are common should have a more gradual
incline, preferably 1:20. In those instances where the ramp has a rise of more than 30
inches, a landing
platform should be constructed half way up. Additional safety requirements include
handrails on both sides and a non-slip surface.
In cases where ramping proves impractical due to terrain or where entries are too high to
be accommodated, such as those above a walk-out basement or on a deck level, platform
lifts and enclosed residential elevators provide an alternative. Models are offered to
meet a variety of installation requirements, and are available with such features as
powered doors, internal lighting, emergency systems, and custom controls and cabs. (These
devices are also options in providing indoor access in multi-level dwellings).
Once access is gained to the dwelling, the next barrier is frequently narrow doorways. In
order to accommodate most wheelchairs and walkers, doorways should be a minimum of 32
inches wide to provide sufficient space for the wheelchair or walker width and allow ample
hand clearance. In homes wheremoving walls to widen doorways is not an option, additional
width may be gained by removing doors or installing pocket doors which slide into the wall
when not in use. Another option is the use of offset hinges which allow the door to swing
clear of the opening and provide up to two inches of additional space in the doorway.
Also, wherever possible, small rooms should be fitted with doors and hinges that open
outward to prevent the door from being blocked from the inside in case of emergency.
Door knobs and locks are another major consideration in accessibility. Standard round door
knobs and other types of handles which require grasping, twisting, or pressure are often
unmanageable for those who are unable to use their hands or who have diminished strength
and grasping ability. Ideally, standard mortised lock and knob sets should be replaced
with lever-style handles.
In those instances where knob and lock replacement is not possible, several manufacturers
offer lever handles that fit over the existing knob. Some of these devices are
portable, allowing them to be moved from room to room or used when traveling.
Security is another consideration in knob and lock selection. Push-button locks which
disengage when the door is opened from the inside are among the most accessible for people
with disabilities, but may not provide adequate security. Some options include slide
bolts, remote control locks, electronic keypad security systems, and in some instances,
push-button padlocks.
Hallways, Baths, and Kitchens
Adequate space is of paramount concern in hallways, kitchens, and bathrooms. Hallways
should be a minimum of 36 inches wide, and in hallways where turning around is required, a
five-foot radius of clear space should be provided.
That same radius of maneuvering room should also be available in kitchens and bathrooms to
allow an individual to turn around and have full access to appliances and fixtures.
In order to be accessible to a wheelchair user, bathroom fixtures must be at the
appropriate heights. Toilet seats should be at least 15 inches above the floor and
equipped with grab bars (floor- or wall-mounted or attached to the toilet itself). The
necessary height can be achieved through the installation of a specially designed tall
toilet, a wall-mounted unit, or with an elevated seat. It is also important to remember
that the tissue holder needs to be mounted within convenient reach. Further, the sink
should be mounted at a height that allows the wheelchair to roll underneath it, usually a
30-inch clearance. Frequently, this necessitates removal of below-sink cabinets, and care
should be taken to cover exposed pipes and sharp edges and surfaces. Faucets should be
within easy reach and easily operable with one hand. For individuals without the use of
their hands or who have limited strength, faucets equipped with electronic sensors to
automatically turn water on and off are available. Another access option is the
installation of a faucet which can be activated using a single switch.
Access to bathing facilities is critical. In order to prevent injury and to facilitate
transfers, enclosures should be free of door tracks or other obstructions and sharp edges.
Further, tubs and showers should be equipped with grab bars and built-in seats or portable
tub benches. Seats should be located opposite the controls and within easy reach. Offset
controls which allow regulation of the water temperature from outside the tub or shower,
anti-scald valves to prevent water temperature from exceeding a pre-set limit, and
hand-held shower attachments are also beneficial.
Some of the same adaptations made to the bathroom are beneficial in the kitchen as well:
removal of under-sink cabinets to allow wheelchair access, faucet control modification and
anti-scald valves, and adequate floor space to facilitate turning and access to all
fixtures and appliances. Cooktops with a 30-inch clearance and a separate self-cleaning
oven at an appropriate height are also helpful. Both appliances should feature front- or
side-mounted controls and be adjacent to counter space to facilitate moving and
preparing food.
Another consideration in the kitchen is storage: at least one shelf in each cabinet should
be a maximum of 48 inches above the floor. Where such a feature does not exist, or where
more space is required, powered cabinets which lower the shelving unit to the countertop
are available.
Storage and Laundry
When considering which areas of a home to make accessible, it is essential that the person
with the disability evaluate the rooms and spaces in terms of usability: If the person
with the disability needs or desires to use the space, it must be accessible. This
includes living, family, and recreational areas, as well as closets and laundry
facilities.
Frequently closets can be made accessible simply by lowering the hanging rods. When the
existing rod is an integral part of the closet, a second one may be installed below it.
Another option is the use of modular storage systems which include hanging rods, shelves,
and drawers that can be configured to the specific requirements of the user. Powered units
which raise and lower
and/or rotate shelves and racks also are available.
Laundry facilities also need to be accessible if full independence is to be achieved. As
with other areas, this involves providing sufficiently wide doorways, space for
maneuvering, and suitable appliances. Most often, front-loading washers and dryers with
easily operated, front-mounted controls provide the necessary access.
FUNDING SOURCES
Whether one is building an accessible home or modifying an existing residence, the cost
can be prohibitive. A home equity or other bank loan may be one financing alternative.
Depending upon one's circumstances and the nature of the disability, assistance may also
be obtained through medical insurance, medical and social services, income support, or
vocational services from any of a number of different resources. Consumer-oriented
disability organizations and rehabilitation facilities may also provide information
resources on funding assistance available in the local community. Additional information
on funding accessible housing is available in a number of the publications listed in the
Resources and Recommended Additional Reading section at the conclusion of this Guide, as
well as in ABLEDATA Fact Sheet No. 14 Funding Assistive Technology.
Conclusion
This ABLEDATA Informed Consumer Guide is a broad introduction to the legal and practical
aspects of accessible housing. It is designed to enable the reader to consider what can be
done and what needs to be done to make a home accessible. More detailed discussions of
particular issues can be found in the following resource list. However, specific questions
need to be addressed by legal, medical, and rehabilitation professionals. These are the
people who can address issues unique to particular municipalities, and help determine the
best course of action to meet the needs of specific disabilities.
Once the kinds of modifications needed are determined, information about specific products
to help achieve the goal of accessible housing is available from the ABLEDATA database of
assistive technology which provides information about and descriptions of more than 20,000
products for people with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities. Information
Specialists are available to help provide specific information about a particular device
or type of device or manufacturers and distributors of assistive technology.
ABLEDATA, 8455 Colesville Road, Suite 935, Silver Spring, MD
20910-3319.
ABLEDATA's phone numbers ARE 800/227-0216, or in
Maryland 301/608-8998 or 301/608-8912 (TTY);
Our fax number is 301/608-8958.
Many ABLEDATA documents, as well as the ABLEDATA
database are available from our BBS, ABLE INFORM, at 301/589-3563 or FTS
427-0280.
RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING
HOME MODIFICATION/DESIGN AND ACCESSIBLE HOUSING
Chen, V.T., Baruch, L.D., Scharf, P.T., Tanner, R.W., & Edlich, R.F.
(1990). "Burn Rehabilitation Forum: Adaptive Housing: Remodeling Considerations for
the Disabled."
Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, Vol. 11 No. 4, July/August 1990, p. 352-360.
Journal. NARIC Accession number: XJ17821.
A discussion of remodeling considerations that apply in adapting housing for the disabled.
The authors begin by pointing out that 10 to 15% of the US population is chronically ill
and that the number is sure to rise; thus the need for adaptive housing. Evidence is
provided that the benefits of adaptive housing far exceed the costs. The main body of the
paper concerns
the evaluation of housing and the design criteria that apply. Addressed are the evaluation
process itself and the accessibility of various rooms, especially the bathroom, bedroom,
and kitchen. Critical in all these rooms is a 5-foot diameter clear area, needed for full
rotation of wheelchairs. The heights and distributions of various fixtures is discussed,
and illustrated designs
are offered. Also addressed are the geometry of access rampls and of stair lifts.
Cocke, E.A. (1992).
Housing Modifications for Persons who are Blind or Visually Impaired."
Re:view, Vol. 24 No. 1, Spring 1992, p. 23-28. Heldref Publications.
6p. See Publisher. NARIC Accession number:
XJ22781.
The article discusses issues that must be considered by consumers and builders or
remodelers when doing housing modifications for individuals with blindness or visual
impairments. The article describes consumers who are blind, noting various complicating
factors and explaining the difference between individuals who are blind and those with low
vision. It examines new construction and remodeling, focusing on the types of
modifications needed for people with visual impairments. A final section presents various
suggested modifications for the (1) exterior, (2) entrance, (3) elevator, (4) doors,
(5) floors, (6) lighting and electrical systems, (7) windows, (8) room layout and
shape, (9) kitchen, and (10) stairs, ramps, and corridors.
Design for the Life Span of All People? Spotlight on Adaptable
Housing. Rehab Brief, Vol. 10, No. 12, p 1-4.
Falls Church, VA: PSI International, Inc.,
4p. NARIC Accession number: XO08668.
Examines problems of accessibility in the home for people with physical
disabilities. Discusses reasons why accessible design has not been popular among
architects -- these include the confusion caused by conflicting design requirements, and
the misconceptions that exist concerning disability and accessibility. Also examines the
concepts of universal design, life span
design, and adaptable housing. Universal design refers to design features which can be
used by all people all of the time. These include products such as bathtub grab bars,
push-button faucet controls, and lever-type handles.
Life span design takes into consideration the fact that people's needs
change as they grow from children to adulthood to old age. Adaptable housing refers to
housing which is initially accessible to all people but which can be modified later
through minor changes to meet specialized needs. This article discusses the steps needed
to make universal design the standard in architecture. It presents examples of universal
design features, permanent accessibility features, and accessibility options that can be
implemented as needed.
"Less Restrictive Housing Environments. Examples, Methods,
Designs, and Guidelines for Improving New and Existing Housing."
PART II OF II.
Design File. 1990. NARIC Accession number:
XR05715.
Presents second part of two-part final report on three-year project about least
restrictive housing environments funded by National Institute on Disability and
Rehabilitation Research. Project was collaborative effort between Barrier Free
Environments, Inc., and several subcontractors. Seven chapters focus on: vehicular
transporation and parking (accessible transportation, vehicle types and use, parking
spaces, passenger drop-off areas outside traffic lanes, carports and garages, and extended
roof shelters); entrances and site design (types of houses and accessibility, construction
types, house placement for entrances, let the vehicle do the climbing, entrance approach,
entrances, and walks; doors and doorways (doorway width, clear floor space, thresholds,
door hardware, force to open door, types of doors, and modifying door widths and door
swing); windows (clear floor space, window height, force to operate windows and locks,
types of windows, improving use of windows, and windows as exists); kitchens (e.g.
maneuvering space, knee space, turnaround space, heights and reach ranges, and three
examples of accessible kitchen); bathrooms (e.g. bathing, getting in and out of tubs,
removable seats at tubs, controls at tubs, roll-in showers, toilets, sinks, and grab bar
installation); and bedrooms (e.g. room size, maneuverig space and clearances, space
considerations for assisted transfers, emergency exits, closets, and sample bedrooms).
Long, R.G. (1992).
Housing Accessibility for Individuals with Visual Impairment or Blindness: Final Report,
July 1992. Center for Accessible Housing, School of Design, North Carolina State University. 27p. see publisher.
NARIC Accession number: XO10964.
Final report from a project studying features of housing environments that enhance or
limit the everyday functioning of persons with blindness or low vision. Two focus groups
were conducted, one composed of working age and older adults with visual impairments and
the second composed of professionals who serve infants and preschool age children with
visual impairments.
Participants identified housing features in specific areas in and around their homes
and discussed the impact of these features on performance of activities normally conducted
in those areas. They also discussed features they woud like to have and believe would
benefit their functioning in a particular room or area. This report presents the results
of the focus group discussions, recommendations concerning housing design for persons with
visual impairments, and list of additional readings.
Lynch, R.D. (1993).
"Karl's House." Technology and Disability, Vol. 2 No. 4,
Fall 1993, p. 30-39. Andover Medical. 10p. See
Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XJ26203.
Presents the story of the architectural home modification of one family who had a
10-year-old son with spinal cord injury and paraplegia following an automobile accident
when he was 2 years old. After the accident, the parents began to work with
representatives of the insurance company, the county orphans court, and the bank trustee
to make accessibility changes in their home.
The architectural basic services consisted of five phases, including schematic design,
design development, construction documentation, bidding and negotiations, and
construction contract administration. The goal of the project was to
modify the existing residence so the child could fully share all of the family life in the
neighborhood. The goal was also to help him regain independence and freedom in his daily
activities. The article discusses the (1) accessible outdoor space, (2) appearance of the
home, (3) exterior safety, (4) garage, (5) elevator, (6) bathrooms, (7) first floor, (8)
kitchen, (9) vestibule,
(10) exercise space, and (11) laundry/pantry.
Mace, R (ed). (1993).
Grab Bars. TECHPACK # 1.10. Center for
Accessible Housing,
NC State University. See publisher. NARIC Accession number: XR06433.
Pamphlet provides information on grab bars. Grab bars are defined with federal standards
provided. Installation is described covering diameters, spacing, and reinforcement
requirements. The types of grab bars available are illustrated. A product resource
list is provided.
Overton, J. (1993).
"Resources for Home-modification/Repair
Programs," Technology
and Disability, Vol. 2 No. 4, Fall 1993, p. 80-88. Andover Medical. 9p. See
Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XJ26208.
The article examines funding for home modification and repair problems for the elderly
individuals who have disabilities. The paper discusses (1) funding sources; (2) the Older
Americans Act of 1965; (3) Title III funds; (4) Title V funds; (5) city and county funds;
(6) state funds; (7) block grant programs (community development block grants, community
services block grants, and social services block grants); (8) foundations; (9) charitable
contributions; (10) fund raising; (11) client fees and contributions; (12) the U.S.
Department of Energy; (13) parent agency income; and (14) publications relating to home
modification (under the categories of general information, assessment, financing, program
development, resource identification, and education). A resource summary is provided.
Rigger, R. (1989)
"A Barrier-free House: Accommodating a Wheelchair Calls for Careful Planning Inside and Out."
Fine Homebuilding, No. 53, April/May 1989,
p. 67-71. The Taunton Press, Inc. Journal. NARIC
Accession number: XJ11625.
Describes the custom construction of a house designed to accommodate the needs of a
wheelchair user. Includes an copy of the floor plan and several photographs
illustrating selected features. The description covers both the exterior and interior
design, including: walkways and driveway, entrances, the garage, basement, interior
arrangement of walls, electronic controls
for lights and for selected appliances, closets, window placement, bathrooms, kitchen,
outlets and switches. The builder followed specifications outlined in the Veteran's
Administration's "Handbook For Design: Specially Adapted Housing" (pamphlet
#26-13, 1987), for two reasons: to allow the homeowner to qualify for financial aid and
because the handbook provides valuable information about accommodating a wheelchair. An
addendum to the article (from a separate author, Sam Clark) provides suggestions for
modifications to entries, bathrooms, and kitchens.
Rigger, R. (1989).
"Design Lines Spotlight. A Barrier-free
House, Part 1."
Paraplegia News, Vol. 43 No. 8, August 1989, p. 39-42. Paralyzed Veterans of America,
4p. Journal. NARIC Accession number: XJ13845.
Describes home modification for people with disabilities who find too many barriers in
conventional homes. Looks at one home in particular with a barrier-free one-story build
(three bedrooms and two bathrooms). A special central space called a bridge offers
electronic controls for lights and appliances and affords view of kitchen, dining room,
living room, entry way, and back yard. Attached garage provides convenient parking and
ramp access to kitchen door. Basement has electric stair lift, utilities, and plenty of
storage. Looks at ways to make wheelchair easier to operate (e.g. with concrete walkways
at least five feet wide outside, ramps in front of house and inside garage, and all doors
being at least three feet wide). Discusses adherence to Department of Veterans Affairs
specifications because they are so helpful in providing tips on accommodating wheelchairs.
Details on garage and basement provided.
Salmen, J.P.S. (1991).
The Do-able Renewable Home: Making Your Home Fit Your Needs. American Association of Retired Persons.
36p. Consumer Affairs Section,
American Association of Retired Persons, 601 E Street, NW, Washington, DC
20049. NARIC Accession number: XR06495.
Book providing practical information on adapting home environments to meet the individual
needs of older persons with physical limitations. The book explains design concepts,
products, and resources to help make an existing home more liveable for older individuals
with limitations in movement, strength, dexterity, eyesight, or hearing. The accompanying
illustrations show how to make your own modifications and also serve as a guide for
designers and building contractors. The book includes information about physical and
functional losses in older persons; solutions for accessible corridors, appliances,
doorways, stairs, ramps, bathrooms, and kitchens; sources of funding for home
modification; advice on hiring and working with building contractors; resources for
additional information; and manufacturers of devices and hardware.
Specialized Housing Inc. and Living Design. (1991). The
Accessible Home:
First Edition. 32p. Fulfillment Department, Living Design, 1514 Columbia,
Vancouver, WA 98660; (206)695-4684 or (503)286-5356; (206)695-4793 Fax.
Book providing sketches and plans for 13 multi-resident and 13 single-family homes. Each
entry includes brief descriptions of notable or unique features. An order form for
blueprints and specification books is included.
Steinfeld, E. & Shea, S. (1993).
"Enabling Home Environments: Identifying
Barriers to Independence." Technology and Disability, Vol. 2 No. 4, Fall
1993, p. 69-79. Andover Medical. See Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XJ26207.
Describes a study that examined assessment methods and identified priorities for home
modification services for elderly individuals and people with disabilities. Study
participants came from a wide variety of organizations that served older people with
disabilities. All subjects lived in community housing. An interview asked a series of
questions related to difficulties the subjects had using parts of the home. The
self-report data were compared to data collected via a thorough assessment completed by a
trained observer.
For each subject, researchers prepared a report listing the barriers identified through
assessment and making recommendations for eliminating barriers. Assessment included
activities of daily living, fire safety, security, behavior problems, and building
condition. Researchers visited each household to explain the recommendation and help
subjects establish priorities. Data from 51 subjects suggest that methods of measuring
environmental barriers deserve more research attention. Self-report data on the presence
of barriers to independent living did not provide an accurate picture of the actual living
situation. Each individual had a unique set of needs, though there were many frequently
occurring barriers.
Stevens, J H. (1990).
A Barrier-free Home: Considerations and
Recommendations
for Design. 12p. NARIC Accession number: XR05744.
A guidebook for the disabled prospective homeowner on good design considerations for a
barrier-free home. Addressed are preferred home designs, preferred lots and site
locations, design elements in the construction of foundations that influece whether to use
concrete slabs or ramps, doorways, door hardware, closets, bathrooms, water controls,
kitchens, flooring, electrical, telephone jacks, bedrooms, windows, smoke detectors and
other safety equipment, and garages. Appended is a list of 10 questions the disabled
prospective homeowner should consider before designing and constucting the home. These
address such issues as resale value, space requirements, lot layout, the use of ramps or a
concrete slab, kitchen design, utility access, the need for therapy space, garage
considerations, and bedroom design. Also appended is a suggested reading list.
The Universal Home Series. Homes for Living, Homes for Life.
Center for Accessible Housing, NC State University. 12.
See publisher. NARIC Accession number:
XR06435.
Pamphlet describes the Universal Home model which meets all accessibility standards and
codes. Descriptions and views of the total house floorplan and kitchen and bathroom
features are presented. Standard and optional features are listed.
Watzke, J.R. & Kemp, B. (1992)
"Safety for Older Adults: the Role of
Technology and the Home Environment." Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation,
VOL 7 NO 4, JUNE 1992, p. 9-21. Aspen Publishers, Inc. See Publisher. NARIC Accession
number: XJ22789.
Article examines the role of technology and the home environment in safety for older
individuals, noting most antifall interventions are not high technology: (1) safe mobility
(proper lighting, object-free walking paths, appropriate flooring, transfers, and stairs
and steps); (2) environmental control (including personal emergency response systems,
antiwandering devices, and home automation systems); and (3) future needs: there is too
little knowledge on how older individuals who are frail or have disabilities do household
cleaning, use the shower and toilet, or retrieve objects from high shelves; there are gaps
in product development, application, and marketing process; and there is a need for more
intervention, training, and information
dissemination about safety and technology for older individuals.
LEGAL ISSUES
Boakley, T.J. & McDonald, R.D. (1989).
Barrier-free Design: the Law.
Volume I. 1989. Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association, approximately 200p.
NARIC Accession number: XR05550.
Presents information on accessibility for people with physical disabilities. Offers
changes resulting from activity concerning accessibility laws and regulations for people
with physical disabilities on all levels of government.
Information is provided as follows: Public Law 90-480 (42 USC SEC.4151-SEX.4157) The
Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 as amended August 12, 1968; uniform federal
accessibility standards; local laws of the City of New York for the
year 1987 no. 58 effective September 1, 1987 (includes amendment local law no. 65,
effective November 4, 1988); and American national standard for buildings and facilities:
providing accessibility and usability for physically handicapped people.
Center for Accessible Housing Factsheets.
Center for Accessible Housing, School of
Design, North Carolina State University. 23p. see publisher. NARIC
Accession number: XR06275.
Information packet contains eight fact sheets about housing for elderly peope and people
with disabilities. These fact sheets provide information about the following topics:
1) provisions of the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 relating to discrimination based on disability;
2) provisions of the Act relating to reasonable modification of existing premises;
3) provisions of the Act related to substantial equivalency (required for the certification of state or local agencies to handle fair housing cases);
4) provisions of the Act related to design requirements for new construction;
5) the Federal National Mortgage Association home financing program for older people;
6) definitions of the terms accessible, adaptable, and universal as they refer to the design of housing for people with disabilities;
7) benefits of accessory unit housing for elderly persons and persons with disabilities; and
8) financing sources that can help renters and homeowners pay for
accessibility modifications to their homes.
The Fair Housing Amendments Act. Adapt to a Better Design. Eastern
Paralyzed Veterans Association. 20p.
See Publisher. NARIC Accession number: XR06296.
Discusses the importance of adapting housing for individuals with disabilities, looking at
the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (FHAA). There are five chapters:
(1) introduction to adaptable housing: the FHAA mandated accessibility in multi-family dwellings and incorporated adaptability into each individual unit;
(2) advantages and benefits of adaptable design (to builders and developers, to owners and renters, and to property managers);
(3) FHAA requirements (prohibiting discriminatory housing practices against individuals with disabilities and their families;
(4) summary of guidelines for new construction; and
(5) recommendations of the Eastern Paralyzed Veteran's Association
(focusing on covered multi-family buildings without
elevators).
GENERAL RESOURCES
HUD User. P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20850
800/245-2691 (V); 800/877-8339
(TT); 301/251-5154 (V). 301/251-5747 (fax).
Established in 1978, HUD USER is a research-information service sponsored by the Office of
Policy Development and Research (PD&R), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development. Among its many reference and referral services, HUD USER maintains a
bibliographic database of research literature on housing and urban development topics.
Subject areas include accessible design, building technology, community development,
economic development, fair housing, energy and urban infrastructure, and housing for the
elderly and people with special needs. Personalized searches of the HUD USER database are
available, and printouts contain information on how to obtain copies of documents. While
most of the publications contained in the HUD USER database are geared to professionals,
many titles are designed for lay people. Copies of some documents
may be obtained from HUD USER. Fees are charged for document handling and computerized
literature searches. Prepayment is required.
National Housing Directory for People with Disabilities.
Grey House Publishing,
Pocket Knife Square, Lakeville, CT 06039. 800/562-2139.
With 25,000 listings, this directory is a detailed source on housing information for
professionals to make informed housing recommendations. Two sections in each state chapter
concentrate on the government agencies that manage housing in the state. In addition, a
chapter on federal and national organizations provides a brief profile of the area of
responsibility. Three additional sections in each state chapter describe the housing units
themselves--large, residential, intensive care facilities in the state; group
homes; and independent living facilities.
ORGANIZATIONS
Adaptive Environments Center. 374 Congress Street, Suite 301,
Boston, MA
02110. 617/695-1225 (V/TT). 617/482-8099 (fax).
The Adaptive Environments Center, a nonprofit organization, offers consultation,
workshops, courses, conferences, and resource materials on accessible and adaptive
design and accessibility legislation, standards, and guidelines. The center's library
contains a comprehensive collection of materials on accessible design. The center is
funded through public and private contracts
and grants.
The center's publications, for which there is a charge, include A Consumer's Guide to Home
Adaptation (obtained through the center) and Design for Access: A Guidebook for Designing
Barrier Free State and County Buildings and Access Improvements Workbook (obtained through
the State House Bookstore), the Title II Action Guide, and other ADA technical assistance
materials (obtained through the Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers
[DBTACs]). The library is open to the public.
Barrier Free Environments (BFE).
P.O. Box 30634,
Water Garden, Highway 70
West, Raleigh, NC 27622. 919/782-7823 (V/TT).
Barrier Free Environments (BFE) is a design firm specializing exclusively in the design of
products and buildings to be used by aging people and people with disabilities. Product
designers, architects, interior designers, and housing designers in the
organization practice "universal design," in which all features are designed for
use by all people to the greatest extent possible.
BFE provides designing and consulting services to individuals, families, corporations,
small businesses, and institutions on the following: home and building modifications for
accessibility; design or redesign of consumer products and equipment for use by people
with disabilities and aging people; and market research, advertising literature design,
and media development.
In addition BFE provides programs and seminars on accessible design, home modifications,
products, equipment for accessibility, and training assistance on issues relating to
design for people with disabilities and aging people.
Center for Accessible Housing.
North Carolina State University, Box 8613,
Raleigh, NC 27695-8613. 919/515-3082 (V/TT).
The Center for Accessible Housing was established in 1989 by the National Institute on
Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) to improve the quality and availability of
housing for people with disabilities. The center provides assistance and information to
individuals and industry through research, collaborative efforts with manufacturers,
training, and information services. The center's research efforts focus on identifying and
evaluating the success of design solutions to problems of accessibility in products and
environments.
A Design Advisory Network of more than 1,300 people with disabilities, family members, or
close friends provides advice and guidance to the center, and members often participate in
research activities. Information services include an information and referral service, a
technical design assistance service, and publications. Training is provided directly to
people with disabilities,
disability advocates, designers, professionals in the building industry, housing
providers, and design students at the post-secondary level. All materials and solutions
provided by the center are based on the principles of universal design. Publications
include a quarterly newsletter,
Accessibility Standards for Children's Environments (1992),
Accessible Stock House Plans Catalog (1993),
Accessible Environments: Toward Universal Design (1991),
Action on Accessibility: Proceedings of the International Accessibility Mini-Summit (1991),
Design for Independent Living: Housing Accessibility Resource Book (1991),
The Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines--Requirement 1: Analyzing Site Impracticality on Difficult Sites (1992),
Financing Home Accessibility Modifications (1993),
Housing Accessibility for Individuals with Visual Impairment or Blindness (1993).
Fact sheets and "Tech Packs" are also available.A complete publications list is available.
Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (EPVA). 75-20
Astoria Boulevard, Jackson Heights, NY 11370.
718/803-3782 (V); 718/803-2472 (TT);
800/444-0120
(publications).
The Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (EPVA) is a private, nonprofit organization
dedicated to serving the needs of its members, as well as other people with disabilities,
to lead full and productive lives. EPVA currently has the following programs: benefits
service, hospital liaison, sports and recreation, wheelchair repair, architecture,
research and education, program
counsel, legislation and advocacy, social services, communications, library and
information services, public affairs, and administration. EPVA also provides support for
three professional associations: the American Paraplegia Society, the American Association
of Spinal Cord Injury Nurses, and the American Association of Spinal Cord Injury
Psychologists and Social Workers. These organizations provide SCI health care
professionals with an education forum for the exchange of technological information and
ideas.
Housing for Elderly and Handicapped People Division.
451 7th Street SW, Room
6116, Washington, DC 20410. 202/708-2866.
The Housing for Elderly and Handicapped People Division administers the Section 811
Program -- Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities. This program provides capital
advances to private, nonprofit organizations for the development
of housing with supportive services for people who have physical or developmental
disabilities or who are chronically mentally ill. Project rental assistance funds are also
provided so that residents pay no more than 30 percent of their adjusted incomes for rent.
Types of housing that may be developed include small group homes serving a maximum of 8
people and independent living facilities consisting of individual apartment units for no
more than 20 people per facility.
National Handicap Housing Institute, Inc. (NHHI).
4556 Lake Drive, Robbinsdale,
MN 55422. 612/535-9771.
The National Handicap Housing Institute, Inc. (NHHI) was incorporated in 1975 as a
tax-exempt charitable organization providing services related to the development of
barrier-free housing for young adults with physical disabilities. NHHI has developed,
codeveloped and consulted on the development of 1,065 units of barrier-free housing for
low income young adults with mobility impairments. In addition, NHHI has provided
design-related services and/or marketing consultation for the successful development of
other units. The institute has conducted research on barrier-free housing design and
developed
architectural and product specification standards that are functional and affordable. In
this regard, model kitchens and bathrooms have been builtto test accessibility by people
with disabilities, and virtually all brands and models of appliances and building hardware
typically used in multifamily housing construction and specifications have been studied
for their use by
people with disabilities. NHHI has also surveyed the housing needs and preferences of
people with disabilities as well as locational preferences to determine what housing
features are needed to overcome problems resulting from specific disabilities. The
institute provides information and referral on the availability of barrier-free housing in
the Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota area to a major degree and to out-state Minnesota to a
lesser degree. Information on various housing assistance programs that people with
disabilities may be eligible for, as well as design and product information, is also
provided.
The institute has developed the design expertise necessary to assist architects, builders,
and owners with many of their problems in creating new buildings and adapting and
retrofitting older structures to be accessible. Institute experts interpret the pertinent
codes and make recommendations that meet and, hopefully, exceed the codes functionally and
aesthetically at minimal
cost. The institute has a working knowledge of the requirements of 503 and 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and can assist government and industry in meeting the
affirmative action and accessibility requirements demanded by this federal law. NHHI is
capable of providing imaginative design solutions that overcome the problem of
architectural barriers for people with disabilities.
Following is an excerpt from the list of identifiers (terms used to describe products)
found in ABLEDATA for home accessibility products.
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
A. HOUSES
house plan
mobile home
prefab house
B. INDOOR
1. Bathrooms
a. Bathtubs
1. Bathtub Accessories
bathtub insert
bathtub
corner splash guard
slip resistant coating for
bathtub
whirlpool
2. Bathtubs General
bathtub
bathtub cabinet
cushioned bathtub
elevated bathtub
inflatable bathtub
portable bathtub
shower bathtub
whirlpool bathtub
b. Bidets
bidet
sitz bath
toilet bidet
c. Grab Bars
floor mounted grab bar for toilet
grab bar for bathtub
installation of grab bar
wall grab bar
wall grab bar for bathtub
wall grab bar for shower
wall grab bar for toilet
wall to floor grab bar
d. Handshowers
handshower on adjustable bar
handshower wall hanger
handshower with faucet fitting
handshower with flexible hose
handshower with soap dispenser
portable handshower
showerhead on adjustable arm
e. Plumbing Accessories
electronic faucet
extended lever for toilet handle
foam faucet protector for tub
hot water heater
knee action mixing valve
lever tap handle
push button faucet
shower control system
showerhead on adjustable bar
single lever faucet
soap lotion dispenser
tap turner
water flow control
water temperature control
f. Showers
corner shower seat
folding shower seat
portable shower
roll in shower
shower bathtub
shower cabinet
shower doors
shower ramp
shower with built in grab bar
shower with built in seat
showerhead on adjustable bar
g. Sinks
accessible sink
accessible vanity
adjustable height sink
portable sink
h. Toilets
electric elevating toilet
portable toilet
powered elevating toilet seat lift
tall toilet
toilet bidet
2. Doors
a. Door Handles
door handle lever
door knob
panic bar
b. Door Locks
chain lock
door lock light
exterior door lock with
lever handle
keyless door lock
remote control door lock
c. Door Operators
door closer
door opener
powered door operator
d. Doors General
accessible revolving door
accessible threshold
door curtain
door hinge
doorstop and holder
exterior door
peephole
protective panel
space saving door
3. Floors
anti skid tape
non slip floor covering
non slip rug mat
non slip stair tread covering
textured paint additive
4. Kitchens
accessible kitchen components
adjustable kitchen components
below counter refrigerator
freezer
kitchen faucet
kitchen sink
kitchen sink accessory
kitchen storage system
lever tap handle
shallow sink
single lever faucet
soap lotion dispenser
tap turner
6. Storage
cabinet door opener
cabinet organizers
hanger with extended hook
kitchen storage system
low clothes bar for closet
motorized clothing rack
pegboard accessories
slide out drawer for cabinet
storage shelves
7. Walls
hand rail
railing guard
8. Windows
accessible window
window opening aid
C. LIGHTING
adjustable arm lamp
adjustable height low visionlamp
automatic night light
battery operated lamp
high intensity lamp
lamp light sensor control
lamp motion sensor control
lamp switch extension lever
light switch extension
lighting control system
sound activated light switch
strobe light
tabletop lamp dimmer
touch light
D. OUTDOOR
1. Furniture
wheelchair picnic table
2. Playground
back support for swing
climbing structure
jungle gym
platform swing
playground equipment
reclining swing
swing
wheelchair exercise course
wheelchair jungle gym
wheelchair mobility training track
wheelchair swing
3. Surface Materials
beach mat
cushioned rubber mat
ground retention grid
wood fiber mat
E. SAFETY AND SECURITY
1. Alarm and Security Systems
burglar alarm
closed circuit tv system
distress flag signal
emergency alarm
emergency alert system
emergency evacuation system
peephole
power failure alarm system
safe with keypad access
security system
signal system
smoke alarm
timing switch
wandering patient system
2. Child Proof Devices
childproof cabinet lock
childproof electrical plug adapter
protective corner pad
3. Electric Cords
childproof electrical plug adapter
electrical outlet cover
storage reel for appliance cord
4. Lights
automatic night light
door lock light
flashlight with alarm
magnetic flashlight
motion sensor light
security power failure light
strobe light
5. Locks
magnetic padlock
tactile padlock
F. SIGNS
access sign
braille sign
car emergency sign
parking area marker
tactile sign
talking sign
G. SPECIALTIES
accessible fountain
electronic thermostat
room air conditioner
snow melting system
tactile thermostat
telephone enclosure
voting booth
voting booth accessory
H. VERTICAL LIFT
1. Elevators
dumb waiter
elevator
home elevator
2. Ramps
curb ramp
folding tracks
handrail for portable ramp
modular ramp
portable ramp
ramp
telescoping tracks
van ramp
3. Stair Lifts
exterior seat lift
exterior wheelchair lift
interior seat lift
interior wheelchair lift
wheelchair lift enclosure
HOME MANAGEMENT
A. FOOD PREPARATION
1. Appliances
braille overlay for controls
2. Cooking
knob turner
3. Measuring
kitchen scale
low vision timer
tactile kitchen scale
timer
B. FURNITURE
1. Bedroom
trapeze
2. Trays and Tables
1. Tables
accessible table
adjustable height desk
adjustable height tilt top work table
adjustable height work table
computer table
cut out table
folding table
kidney shaped table
powered adjustable height work table
rotating round table
table adapter
tilt top table
2. Furniture General
accessible bedroom furniture
accessible wardrobe
C. HOUSEKEEPING
1. Housekeeping General
dumb waiter
folding cart
magnetic flashlight
pull out tray for mailbox
rolling cart
2. Laundry
braille overlay for controls
clothes dryer
clothes washer
large knobs for washer
PERSONAL CARE
A. BATHING
1. Bath Lifts
hydraulic bath lift
mechanical bath lift
powered bath lift
powered bath lift for hydrotherapy
transfer lift bathtub adaptor
water hydraulic bath lift
water inflatable bath lift transfer seat
2. Bathtub Seats
a. Bathtub Benches
bathboard
shower tub trolley
transfer bench
b. Bathtub Seats General
bath seat
bath sling
bath support
bathtub caster board
bathtub shower frame
bathtub stool
child bath chair
child bath support
reclining bath seat
3. Shower Chairs
caster shower chair
caster shower commode
shower chair
shower stretcher
wheelchair shower commode
4. Shower Stools
corner shower seat
folding shower seat
folding shower stretcher
shower bench
shower stool
B. HOLDING
1. Holding General
ceiling mounted adjustable
suspension cable
2. Non-Slip Surfaces
anti skid tape
non slip matting
C. TOILETING
1. Commodes
a. Commode Chairs
adjustable height commode
caster commode
child commode
commode with removable arms
commode with seat lift
fixed height commode
folding adjustable height commode
folding fixed height commode
self contained commode
wheelchair commode
b. Shower Commodes
caster shower commode
wheelchair shower commode
2. Toilets
a. Safety Frames
adjustable safety frame
safety frame
safety frame with elevated toilet seat
safety frame with toilet seat
unilateral safety frame
wall mount safety frame
b. Toilet Seats
1. Elevated Toilet Seats
elevated toilet seat
molded elevated toilet seat
powered elevating toilet seat lift
wall hanger for elevated toilet seat
SENSORY DISABILITIES
A. BLIND AND LOW VISION
1. Kitchen Aids
braille overlays for controls
low vision timer
tactile kitchen scale
2. Labeling
aluminum clothing tags
braille dial
braille labeler
braille labeling sheets
braille labeling tape
clothing marker
keytop overlay
large print embossed labels
low vision marker
magnetic labeling tape
raised dot maker
tactile food labels
talking file card
3. Orientation
key holder with beeper
signal beacon
tactile compass
talking sign
4. Telephones
braille telephone device for the deaf
raised face plate
voice activated telephone
voice output telephone
voice output telephone aid
5. Time
a. Auditory
auditory timer
chiming clock
talking alarm clock
talking alarm clock radio
talking clock
talking digital clock
talking stopwatch
talking timer
talking watch
b. Calendars
braille calendar
cassette calendar for versabraille
low vision calendar
voice output calendar
c. Low Vision
low vision alarm clock
low vision digital clock
low vision timer
low vision wall clock
low vision watch
d. Tactile
tactile alarm clock
tactile clockface
tactile desk alarm clock
tactile pocket watch
tactile stopwatch
tactile timer
tactile watch
B. DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING
1. Amplification Systems
amplification system for radio
amplification system for television amplifier
amplifier telephone
audio loop amplification system
FM amplification system
induction loop amplification system
infrared amplification system
personal amplification system
transmitter for FM amplification system
vibrotactile amplification system
wireless microphone
2. Signal Systems
bed vibrator
doorbell signal
fire safety system
flashing light signal
pillow vibrator
remote control receiver for light signal
security system
smoke alarm
sound monitor
tactile paging system
telephone signal
wireless signal transmitter
3. Telephones
amplifier
amplifier telephone
auxiliary bell
braille telephone device for the deaf
conference call system for tdd
expanded keyboard for tdd
handset amplifier
printer for telephone device for the deaf (tdd)
signal amplifier
tdd answering system
tdd monitoring system
telecommunication device for the deaf (tdd)
telephone adaptor for hearing aids
telephone signal
telephone signal indicator
touch tone message decoder
voice amplifier
4. Time
bed vibrator
digital alarm clock
flashing alarm clock
pillow vibrator
timer
vibrating alarm clock
C. DEAF BLIND
braille telephone device for the deaf
communication device for the deaf blind
tactile paging system
tactile scale